Microfluidic Paper-Based Device Incorporated with Silica Nanoparticles for Iodide Quantification in Marine Source Dietary Supplements.

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans due to its fundamental role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. As a key parameter to assess health conditions, iodine intake needs to be monitored to ascertain and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodine is available from various food sources (such as seaweed, fish, and seafood, among others) and dietary supplements (multivitamins or mineral supplements). In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) to quantify iodide in seaweed and dietary supplements is described. The developed µPAD is a small microfluidic device that emerges as quite relevant in terms of its analytical capacity. The quantification of iodide is based on the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodine, which acts as the catalyst to produce the blue form of TMB. Additionally, powder silica was used to intensify and uniformize the colour of the obtained product. Following optimization, the developed µPAD enabled iodide quantification within the range of 10-100 µM, with a detection limit of 3 µM, and was successfully applied to seaweeds and dietary supplements. The device represents a valuable tool for point-of-care analysis, can be used by untrained personnel at home, and is easily disposable, low-cost, and user-friendly.

Iodine and plant-based diets: a narrative review and calculation of iodine content.

An increasing number of food-based recommendations promote a plant-based diet to address health concerns and environmental sustainability in global food systems. As the main sources of iodine in many countries are fish, eggs and dairy products, it is unclear whether plant-based diets, such as the EAT-Lancet reference diet, would provide sufficient iodine. This is important as iodine, through the thyroid hormones, is required for growth and brain development; adequate iodine intake is especially important before, and during, pregnancy. In this narrative review, we evaluated the current literature and estimated iodine provision from the EAT-Lancet reference diet. There is evidence that those following a strict plant-based diet, such as vegans, cannot reach the recommended iodine intake from food alone and are reliant on iodine supplements. Using the EAT-Lancet reference diet intake recommendations in combination with iodine values from UK food tables, we calculated that the diet would provide 128 µg/d (85 % of the adult recommendation of 150 µg/d and 51­64 % of the pregnancy recommendation of 200­250 µg/d). However, if milk is replaced with unfortified plant-based alternatives, total iodine provision would be just 54 µg/d (34 % and 22­27 % of the recommendations for adults and pregnancy, respectively). Plant-based dietary recommendations might place consumers at risk of iodine deficiency in countries without a fortification programme and where animal products provide the majority of iodine intake, such as the UK and Norway. It is essential that those following a predominantly plant-based diet are given appropriate dietary advice to ensure adequate iodine intake.

Iodine biofortification of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) grown hydroponically as baby leaves: effects on leaf production and quality.

BACKGROUND: About 35-45% of the global population is affected by iodine deficiency. Iodine intake can be increased through the consumption of biofortified vegetables. Given the increasing interest in wild edible species of new leafy vegetables due to their high nutritional content, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) to be fortified with iodine. Plants were cultivated hydroponically in a nutrient solution enriched with four different concentrations of iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L-1 ), and the production and quality of baby leaves were determined. RESULTS: Sea beet accumulated more iodine than Swiss chard. In both subspecies, increasing the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution improved leaf quality as a result of greater antioxidant capacity - the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) index increased by 17% and 28%, at 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 iodine, respectively - the content of flavonoids (+31 and + 26%, at 1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine, respectively), and the lower content of nitrate (-38% at 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine) and oxalate (-36% at 0.5 mg L-1 of iodine). In sea beet, however, iodine levels in the nutrient solution higher than 0.5 mg L-1 reduced crop yield significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Both subspecies were found to be suitable for producing iodine-enriched baby leaves. The optimal iodine levels in the nutrient solution were 1.0 in Swiss chard and 0.5 mg L-1 in sea beet, as crop yield was not affected at these concentrations and leaves contained enough iodine to satisfy an adequate daily intake with a serving of 100 g. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assessment of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) for quantification of iodine in non-lyophilized milk.

Iodine represents a fundamental element for human health, with particular regard to thyroid function. Dietary intake of milk naturally rich in iodine becomes of primary importance in the prevention of syndromes related to iodine deficiency. The concentration of iodine in milk is characterized by wide variability, mainly related to animal feed and level of mineral supplementation. Therefore, there is interest in the development of fast analytical techniques which are able to predict milk iodine concentration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) for the prediction of iodine in cow milk. Results showed moderate accuracy of the ED-XRF technique, with a coefficient of determination in cross validation of 0.60. This study represents a first contribution towards the possibility to discriminate milk with high or low iodine concentration, as an essential preliminary step for the introduction into the market of naturally fortified milk.

Invited review: Iodine level in dairy products-A feed-to-fork overview.

The theme of iodine in the dairy sector is of particular interest due to the involvement and the interconnection of several stakeholders along the dairy food chain. Iodine plays a fundamental role in animal nutrition and physiology, and in cattle it is an essential micronutrient during lactation and for fetal development and the calf's growth. Its correct use in food supplementation is crucial to guarantee the animal's recommended daily requirement to avoid excess intake and long-term toxicity. Milk iodine is fundamental for public health, being one of the major sources of iodine in Mediterranean and Western diets. Public authorities and the scientific community have made great efforts to address how and to what extent different drivers may affect milk iodine concentration. The scientific literature concurs that the amount of iodine administered through animal feed and mineral supplements is the most important factor affecting its concentration in milk of most common dairy species. Additionally, farming practices related to milking (e.g., use of iodized teat sanitizers), herd management (e.g., pasture vs. confinement), and other environmental factors (e.g., seasonality) have been identified as sources of variation of milk iodine concentration. Overall, the aim of this review is to provide a multilevel overview on the mechanisms that contribute to the iodine concentration of milk and dairy products.

[Iodine intake of two-year-olds and adults in Iceland and estimation of the effect of using iodized salt in breads].

INTRODUCTION: Insufficient iodine status was recently identified in pregnant women in Iceland. Iodine fortification of salt is widely used to decrease the risk of iodine deficiency disorders, but the use of iodized salt has not been recommended in Iceland. The aim was to describe iodine intake among Icelandic adults and two-year-olds and estimate the effect of using iodized salt in bread. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Iodine intake was assessed using data from the Icelandic National Dietary Survey 2019-2021 (18-80 years, n=822) and a study of two-year-old children (n=124). Data on bread intake was used to estimate expected iodine intake if iodized salt was used in bread. The results are compared with recommended iodine intake (90 µg/day for two-year-olds and 150 µg/day for adults) and upper intake level (200 µg/day and 600 µg/day, respectively). RESULTS: Average iodine intake was 88 µg/day for children and 134 µg/day for adults. If all types of bread consumed would contain 20 µg of iodine in 100 grams, the average iodine intake would increase to 99 and 153 µg/day, respectively. With higher bread iodine content, >5% of two-year-olds would exceed the upper intake level, while concentration up to 70 µg/100 grams of bread would result in iodine intake below the upper intake level for adults. CONCLUSION: Use of iodized salt in bread corresponding to 20µg of iodine in 100 grams of bread seems safe for young children in Iceland. However, based on the current dietary habits, adding this amount of iodine to bread would not be sufficient to secure optimal intake of iodine in all adults.

Staining Starch with Iodine Solution.

Starch is important material in plant tissues, especially for storage tissues. Starches from different plant resources or tissues vary in morphology, content, and physicochemical properties. Starch and iodine can bind specifically to present the shapes and sizes of starch granules in plant tissues. Here, we describe some methods for staining starch in leaf, pollen grain, and starchy seeds with iodine solution. In addition, the isolated starch can also be stained with iodine solution to exhibit its shape and size.

Date seeds (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) valorization: chemical composition of lipid fraction.

This research was aimed to study the lipid fraction of date seeds. Seventeen seeds of date palm varieties and clones were evaluated and assessed for their chemical components and for the properties of the date pits oil. Gas liquid chromatography showed that the main unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (46.00 - 50.87%), while the main saturated fatty acid was lauric acid (10.11 - 19.03%) for the cultivars Mentouj Tissgharine (MTN) and Bheir Ingli (KBN) respectively; other fatty acids were also identified. The physicochemical characterization showed an acid value ranging from 0.068 to 1.188%, a specific extinction value equal to (K232: 1.350-2.225; K270: 0.318- 0.521), a peroxide value in the interval (1.059-5.618 meq O2/kg) and an iodine value (41.861-59.980 g Iodine/100 g). The pheophytin content of date seed oils was found within the range from 21.855 to 75.685%. The chemical analysis showed that date seed oil can be useful in cosmetic and food products processing.

Iodine Status of Preterm Infants Born in an Area of Iodine Sufficiency: Are They at Risk of Iodine Deficiency?

OBJECTIVE: To the assess the iodine status of preterm infants born in an area of iodine sufficiency using the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and compare these values across different feeding practices during the first 7 days of life. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 88 preterm infants born at 30 to 34 weeks of gestation and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a referral hospital in Tehran (Iran) were included. The infant UIC and TSH levels and breast milk iodine concentration in mothers who were exclusively breastfeeding were measured. RESULTS: Median (interquartile range [IQR]) UIC and TSH levels in the study population were 81 (39-189) µg/L and 1.60 (0.80-2.85) mIU/L, respectively. When preterm infants were stratified by the type of feeding, the median (IQR) UICs were 64 (42-126) µg/L in parenteral nutrition, 125 (41-195) µg/L in exclusively breastfeeding, 57 (28-123) µg/L in formula feeding, and 45 (35-132) µg/L in mixed feeding, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = .31). The median (IQR) breast milk iodine concentration was 271 (177-521) µg/L in preterm infants exclusively fed their mothers' own milk. There was no significant difference in the proportion of the TSH levels of >5 mIU/L between preterm infants who received enteral and parenteral nutrition (P = .27). CONCLUSION: Preterm infants are at risk of iodine deficiency even in an area where the general population has adequate iodine. Only the preterm infants who received exclusively their mothers' own milk had marginally adequate iodine status. Further studies are warranted to determine the necessity of iodine supplementation for this vulnerable group.

Evaluation of the Effect of Elite Jojoba Lines on the Chemical Properties of their Seed Oil.

Jojoba oil (JO) extracted from seeds has outstanding properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities, and can be stored forlong periodsof time. The unique properties of jojoba oil depend on its chemical composition; therefore, the effect of the jojoba genotype on the chemical properties and active components of the seed oil was evaluated in this study. Oil samples were collected from 15 elite Egyptian jojoba lines. The chemical composition, such as moisture, crude fiber, crude oil, ash, and crude protein of elite lines' seeds was determined to investigate the variation among them based on the jojoba genotype. In addition, the iodine value was obtained to measure the degree of jojoba oil unsaturation, whereas the peroxide number was determined as an indicator of the damage level in jojoba oil. Fatty acid composition was studied to compare elite jojoba lines. Fatty acid profiles varied significantly depending on the jojoba genotype. Gadoleic acid exhibited the highest percentage value (67.85-75.50%) in the extracted jojoba oil, followed by erucic acid (12.60-14.81%) and oleic acid (7.86-10.99%). The iodine value, peroxide number, and fatty acid composition of the tested elite jojoba lines were compared withthose reported by the International Jojoba Export Council (IJEC). The results showed that the chemical properties of jojoba oils varied significantly, depending on the jojoba genotype.

Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition, with an emphasis on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, chemistry, and effects of processing: A systematic review.

Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I- ) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I- content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I- content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%-28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%-90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I- content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted.

Iodine in household cooking salt no longer plays a crucial role in iodine status of residents in Tianjin, China.

PURPOSE: The contribution of household cooking salt to population iodine status is decreasing in China, the applicability of the coverage rate of iodized salt (IS), proportion of adequately iodized salt (AIS), and salt iodine concentration (SIC) of household cooking salt used for iodine status assessment of residents requires further investigation. METHODS: Through the IDD control project, 16,445 children and 4848 pregnant women were recruited from Tianjin, China and the relationship between the coverage rate of IS, proportion of AIS, SIC, and population iodine status was analyzed. Additionally, through the thyroid health survey project, 856 children with IS or noniodized salt were recruited. The effects of different household cooking salts on individual iodine status and thyroid health were analyzed. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding factors, no relationship was found between the coverage rate of IS, proportion of AIS, SIC of household cooking salt, and iodine status of children and pregnant women (all P > 0.05). No differences in levels of thyroid function and structural indicators were found in children with different household cooking salts (all P > 0.05). Additionally, no relationship was found between noniodized salt exposure and goiter, overt hyperthyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, antibody single positivity, or subclinical hypothyroidism (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Iodine in household cooking salt no longer plays a crucial role in iodine status in Tianjin, China. Other indicators must be identified as beneficial supplements for precise iodine status evaluation not only in Tianjin but also in other large cities in China.

Chip-Based Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Iodine in a Multi-Syringe Flow Platform with and without In-Line Digestion-Application to Salt, Pharmaceuticals, and Algae Samples.

In this work, a flow-based spectrofluorimetric method for iodine determination was developed. The system consisted of a miniaturized chip-based flow manifold for solutions handling and with integrated spectrofluorimetric detection. A multi-syringe module was used as a liquid driver. Iodide was quantified from its catalytic effect on the redox reaction between Ce(IV) and As(III), based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The method was applied for the determination of iodine in salt, pharmaceuticals, supplement pills, and seaweed samples without off-line pre-treatment. An in-line oxidation process, aided by UV radiation, was implemented to analyse some samples (supplement pills and seaweed samples) to eliminate interferences and release iodine from organo-iodine compounds. This feature, combined with the fluorometric reaction, makes this method simpler, faster, and more sensitive than the classic approach of the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The method allowed iodine to be determined within a range of 0.20-4.0 µmol L-1, with or without the in-line UV digestion, with a limit of detection of 0.028 µmol L-1 and 0.025 µmol L-1, respectively.

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle.

Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.

Investigation on spatial variability and influencing factors of drinking water iodine in Xinjiang, China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Xinjiang is one of the areas in China with extremely severe iodine deficiency. The health of Xinjiang residents has been endangered for a long time. In order to provide reasonable suggestions for scientific iodine supplementation and improve the health and living standards of the people in Xinjiang, it is necessary to understand the spatial distribution of iodine content in drinking water and explore the influencing factors of spatial heterogeneity of water iodine content distribution. METHODS: The data of iodine in drinking water arrived from the annual water iodine survey in Xinjiang in 2017. The distribution of iodine content in drinking water in Xinjiang is described from three perspectives: sampling points, districts/counties, and townships/streets. ArcGIS was used for spatial auto-correlation analysis, mapping the distribution of iodine content in drinking water and visualizing the distribution of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model parameter. Kriging method is used to predict the iodine content in water at non-sampling points. GWR software was used to build GWR model in order to find the factors affecting the distribution of iodine content in drinking water. RESULTS: There are 3293 sampling points in Xinjiang. The iodine content of drinking water ranges from 0 to 128 µg/L, the median is 4.15 µg/L. The iodine content in 78.6% of total sampling points are less than 10 µg/L, and only that in the 3.4% are more than 40 µg/L. Among 1054 towns' water samples in Xinjiang, 88.9% of the samples' water iodine content is less than 10 µg/L. Among the 94 studied areas, the median iodine content in drinking water in 87 areas was less than 10 µg/L, those values in 7 areas were between 10-40 µg/L, and the distribution of water iodine content in Xinjiang shows clustered. The GWR model established had found that the effects of soil type and precipitation on the distribution of iodine content in drinking water were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The iodine content of drinking water in Xinjiang is generally low, but there are also some areas which their drinking water has high iodine content. Soil type and precipitation are the factors affecting the distribution of drinking water iodine content, and are statistically significant (P<0.05).

Nutritional status of iodine in pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents assisted at the Family Health Strategy in Vespasiano, MG / Estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes e não gestantes assistidas na ESF em Vespasiano, MG

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the nutritional status of iodine in pregnant adolescents, taking into account the increase in the demand for iodine during pregnancy and the absence of iodization strategies for this population. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 62 pregnant and 71 non-pregnant adolescents assisted in primary care. The nutritional status of iodine was determined by urinary samples. The iodine concentration in the consumed culinary salt was also evaluated. For the comparative analyses of categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used and for the continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test, considering a 95% confidence interval (CI) and significance level of 5%. Results: the mean iodine concentration in household salt was 25.1 mg/kg (CI95%= 11.1-67.5 mg/kg), with higher mean content in culinary salt in the group of pregnant women (p<0.028). Regarding the nutritional status of iodine, 71% of pregnant adolescents were deficient and 29% iodine-sufficient, with significant difference when compared to 38% of deficiency and 62% of sufficiency in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: there was an iodic deficiency among pregnant adolescents, even in the face of higher concentrations of iode in household salt, exposing a paradox between higher consumption and lower sufficiency in this group. Thus, it is suggested to consider iodine supplementation during pregnancy, seeking to minimize the effects of this deficiency on maternal and child health.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes, levando-se em consideração o aumento na demanda de iodo na gestação e a ausência de estratégias de iodização para essa população. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 62 adolescentes gestantes e 71 não gestantes assistidas na atenção primária. O estado nutricional de iodo foi determinado pela concentração de iodo em amostras urinárias. O teor de iodo no sal culinário também foi avaliado. Para as análises comparativas das variáveis categóricas utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado e para as variáveis contínuas o teste Kruskal-Wallis, considerando intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a média da concentração de iodo no sal domiciliar foi de 25,1 mg/kg (IC95%= 11,1-67,5 mg/kg), com maior teor médio no sal culinário de gestantes (p<0,028). Em relação ao estado nutricional de iodo, 71% das adolescentes gestantes mostraram-se deficientes e 29% iodo-suficientes, com diferença significativa quando comparadas aos 38% de deficiência e 62% de suficiência no grupo controle (p<0,001). Conclusões: observou-se deficiência iódica entre adolescentes gestantes, mesmo diante de maiores concentrações de iodo no sal domiciliar, expondo um paradoxo entre maior consumo e menor suficiência neste grupo. Assim, sugere-se considerar a suplementação de iodo na gestação, buscando-se minimizar os efeitos desta carência sobre a saúde maternoinfantil.

HPLC Analysis of the Urinary Iodine Concentration in Pregnant Women.

Iodine is an essential component for fetal neurodevelopment and maternal thyroid function. Urine iodine is the most widely used indicator of iodine status. In this study, a novel validated ion-pair HPLC-UV method was developed to measure iodine concentration in clinical samples. A sodium thiosulfate solution was added to the urine sample to convert the total free iodine to iodide. Chromatographic separation was achieved in a Pursuit XRs C8 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a water phase containing 18-crown-6-ether, octylamine and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity and stability, were determined. Urinary samples from pregnant women were used to complete the validation and confirm the method's applicability. In the studied population of 93 pregnant women, the median UIC was lower in the group without iodine supplementation (117 µg/L, confidence interval (%CI): 95; 138) than in the supplement group (133 µg/L, %CI: 109; 157). In conclusion, the newly established ion-pair HPLC-UV method was adequately precise, accurate and fulfilled validation the criteria for analyzing compounds in biological fluids. The method is less complicated and expensive than other frequently used assays and permits the identification of the iodine-deficient subjects.

Seaweeds rehydration and boiling: Impact on iodine, sodium, potassium, selenium, and total arsenic contents and health benefits for consumption.

Considering the importance of seaweeds for the development of sustainable and innovative food products, this study aimed to characterize the impact of hydrothermal processing on iodine, sodium, potassium, selenium, and arsenic concentrations of four seaweed species (S. latissima, L. digitata, U. pinnatifida, and C. crispus) and on the associated health risks-benefits for consumers. These elements revealed a common pattern for leachable fractions of iodine, total arsenic, and selenium: L. digitata ≥ S. latissima > C. crispus > U. pinnatifida after rehydration and boiling during different periods. The behavior for sodium was: S. latissima > L. digitata > C. crispus > U. pinnatifida, and for potassium: U. pinnatifida > L. digitata > S. latissima > C. crispus. Generally, the species that attained more significant losses were S. latissima and L. digitata. A health-relevant sodium/potassium ratio below 0.7 was found for all species except for U. pinnatifida. In some species, the risk-benefit analysis revealed that high iodine and arsenic levels might promote risks for consumption, even after 20 min boiling, but 5 g of processed U. pinnatifida could contribute to adequate iodine, sodium, potassium, and selenium intakes for all population groups. Standardized processing treatments of seaweeds can open new opportunities for the sector.

Iodine monitoring models contribute to avoid adverse birth outcomes related more than adequate iodine intake.

BACKGROUND: Iodine plays an important role in pregnancy. How to maintain adequate iodine intake amongst pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy to prevent adverse birth outcomes in central China is a challenge for clinical practice. METHODS: 870 pregnant women and their infants were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Maternal and newborn information were obtained during follow-up. Multinomial logistic regression models were established. RESULTS: Median UIC of pregnant women was 172 ± 135 µg/L which is currently considered to be sufficient. Multivitamin supplements containing iodine, iodized salt intake and frequent milk intake were significantly associated with higher UIC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that multivitamin supplements containing iodine and milk consumption were risk factors for more than adequate iodine (UIC ≥ 250 µg/L). Iodine-rich diet was significantly related to heavier birthweight, larger head circumference and longer femur length of the newborns while more than adequate iodine intake (UIC ≥ 250 µg/L) was a risk factor for macrosomia. Logistic regression models based on potential risk factors involving iodine containing supplements and iodine-rich diet were established to predict and screen pregnant women with high risk of more than adequate iodine intake among local pregnant women in different trimesters and guide them to supplement iodine reasonably to prevent the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Multivitamin supplements containing iodine and milk consumption were risk factors for maternal UIC ≥ 250 µg/L which was a risk factor for macrosomia. Iodine monitoring models were established to provide guidance for pregnant women to reduce the risk of more than adequate iodine intake, thereby contributing to reduce the risk of having a macrosomia.

Adequate Urinary Iodine Concentration among Infants in the Inland Area of Norway.

Considering the importance of iodine to support optimal growth and neurological development of the brain and central nervous system, this study aimed to assess and evaluate iodine status in Norwegian infants. We collected data on dietary intake of iodine, iodine knowledge in mothers, and assessed iodine concentration in mother's breast milk and in infant's urine in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in the inland area of Norway. In the 130 mother-infant pairs, the estimated infant 24-h median iodine intake was 50 (IQR 31, 78) µg/day. The median infant urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 146 (IQR 93, 250) µg/L and within the recommended median defined by the World Health Organization for this age group. Weaned infants had a higher UIC [210 (IQR 130, 330) µg/L] than exclusively breastfed infants [130 (IQR 78, 210) µg/L] and partially breastfed infants [135 (IQR 89, 250) µg/L], which suggest that the dietary data obtained in this study did not capture the accurate iodine intake of the included infants. The iodine status of infants in the inland area of Norway seemed adequate. Weaned infants had higher UIC compared to breastfed infants, suggesting early access and consumption of other sources of iodine in addition to breast milk.